Department of Commerce
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Item Open Access Analysis of economic development of Malda district since independence with special reference to sericulture and main orchard crop(University of North Bengal, 1986) Goswami, Mihir Kumar,; Pande, D P,Item Open Access Analysis of reforms in life insurance sector in India and identification of determinants of insurance demand in post reform era(University of North Bengal, 2009) Ghosh, Amlan; Mitra, DebabrataItem Open Access Analysis of relationship between personalities, intelligence and workplace happiness- among medical professionals in West Bengal(University of North Bengal, 2018) Prasad, Mamata; Sengupta, Palas R,Item Open Access Assessing potential tourist destinations in North Bengal : A tourism revival strategic planning(University of North Bengal, 2023) Mallick, Sanmoy; Mitra, Debabrata; Ghosh, AmlanItem Open Access Capital budgeting practices in India: a study of the role of non financial factors in decision making(University of North Bengal, 2016) Hota, Dhruba Charan,; Roy, Dipen,Item Open Access Conflicts and their resolutions : a study of tea gardens in Darjeeling, Dooars and Terai areas in West Bengal(University of North Bengal, 2005) Bal, Samir; Sengupta Palas RItem Open Access Consumer involvement profiles:identification of antecedents and measurement(University of North Bengal, 1999) Bhattacharya, Debasis; Roy, M KItem Open Access Corporate tax structure in India and corporate behaviour(University of North Bengal, 1983) Pande, Durga Prasad; Dasgupta, ManasItem Open Access Cross country diver sification of fund and risk management: lessons for Indian investors(University of North Bengal, 2014) Roy, Tamojit; Roy, HirakItem Open Access Dairy co-operative and rural development (with special reference to comparative study between the Kaira district co-operative milk producers` union ltd. and the Hiamlayan co-operative milk producers` union ltd(University of North Bengal, 1990) Bandyopadhyay, Manob Kanti; Bhattacharya, S.Item Open Access Domestic financial market integration : a study on inter-linkage amongst Indian money, capital and foreign exchange market(University of North Bengal, 2022) Dey, Debashree; Ray, Hirak; Dhar, Samirendra NathItem Open Access Domestic financial market integration : a study on inter-linkage amongst Indian money, capital and foreign exchange market(University of North Bengal, 2022) Dey, Debashree; Ray, Hirak; Dhar, Samirendra NathThere is endless debate on globalization, free economy and integration of markets. Followers of McKinnon (1973) and Shaw(1973) forcefully argue and advocate that ‘ this is the only game in the town ‘(Obstfeld 1994, Mohan 2005,Trichet 2005, Lane et al., 2006). Again, scholars like Agenor (2001), warns the world about the evils of financial integration. Despite the debate on boons and evils of integration, now almost all economies are following the ‘free regime' and obviously India cannot live in isolation and started to pursue the ‘free economic policies' from 1991 and attempts to reap the benefits of globalization. The central Bank of India, accordingly, sets the objectives of reform of the financial sector. Reddy (1999, 2005), former governor of the Reserve Bank of India, argued and prescribed that more and more policy reforms are necessary to converge the domestic markets. Integration of domestic markets not only help to reap the benefits of liberalisation across the domestic and international financial sectors but also help to increase the efficiency, integrity and competitiveness of all the sectors —be it real or financial and the outcome of which ultimately be translated to the overall development of the economy. The issue of domestic integration has escaped adequate attention of the scholars. Majority of the studies investigated the stock, foreign exchange and money market as secondary or auxiliary issue and a few have investigated the domestic financial markets as the only or primary issue. Studies in the context of India are rare. The use of low frequency data, variety of methodologies, incomplete searching, absence of report on the presence of the variables in the co-integration space, etc, and the fractured findings suggest that there is the scope for further research to unveil the intricate relationship amongst the Indian money, foreign exchange and stock market. The primary objective of this study is to investigate whether Indian domestic financial markets are integrated and would remain integrated in future or not. In pursuing the objectives and considering a time period from 1st January, 2008 to 31st December, 2018, the daily data of the stock, foreign exchange and money market are collected and used in this study. This study transformed all the select time series process under the scrutiny by taking natural logarithm and estimated the entire tests with log-level data. The stationarity tests suggest that all the variables representing the markets are significantly integrated to order one. With the I(1) time series process we assessed the relationship of the markets based on the methodology suggested by Johansen, (1991,95) and Johansen, and Juselius, ( 1990). Results of the test significantly suggest the presence of one co-integrating relation and the deterministic term as, there is ‘a linear trend at level, and intercept with no trend’ which is very common and expected in the studies in finance and economics. Results of the test show the presence of significant long-term stable relationship amongst the markets and all the markets are found to be significantly present in the core of the co - integration space. There is no serial or autocorrelation at and up to the optimum lag order and also found stability of the system. The coefficients of error correction terms are statistically significant and according to the absolute figures, the speed of adjustment of the money market is relatively higher followed by stock and foreign exchange market. Levels of co-integrating relation of the Indian domestic financial markets found in this study do not disappoint the policy planners as it is marked by ups and downs around the critical levels of 95 percent. All these findings suggest strong longterm stable link between the markets. Results of the Granger causality tests point to bi-directional causality in between the stock and foreign exchange and unidirectional from foreign exchange market to call money market. The pair wise Granger causality run in both direction between the markets. In other words, the past values of all the markets grossly influence the future values of all the markets. The findings of the forecast error variance decomposition analysis indicate that the foreign exchange market followed by stock market will remain flexible over the future period of 50 days and steps are needed to make the money market more vibrant and flexible. The results of the impulse response analysis show that the markets transmit shock to other markets and responses to the shocks nearing to zero at or up to 50th day of our study indicating all the markets under study would remain integrated, at least, to the future horizon of the study. The results derived and observations made by the study should be accepted with caution due to the inevitable bias and technical limitations of statistical and econometric tools used. In this study, the modified information criteria in the selection of the optimum lag order are not used, the cases of fractional integration, if any, also not considered when testing the order of integration of the time series process. There is enough scope to use alternative tools and techniques to improve the outcome of these types of studies and the matter is left to scholars to study in future. In investigation, linear co-integrating relationship is assumed. Theoretically, the relation among the markets may well take the nonlinear form. This possibility is not investigated by this study. One of the primary objectives of this study is to investigate whether there is any co-integration among the domestic markets or not, but to investigate the probable reasons for co-integration or no integration is beyond the purview of this study, hence, it is left for future studies. In this analysis ‘narrow base' but highly traded segment of the Bombay Stock Exchange that is S & P BSE SENSEX 30 is used. Future studies considering broad base index is welcome. Real rates in place of nominal rates, basket of currencies or more currencies in place of single currency rates, forward rate instead of spot, Yield on Treasury bills in place of call rates can be used to study the relationship in future.Item Open Access AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF THE ORIGIN AND GROWTH OF MODERN JUTE INDUSTRY IN BENGAL DURING 1855-1914(University of North Bengal, 2011) Misra, Susmita; Roy, lndrajitItem Open Access Effectiveness of digital marketing in attracting tourists in national parks of West Bengal : An empirical study(University of North Bengal, 2023) Saha, Mukesh; Bhattacharya, DebasisTourist Satisfaction is one of the crucial aspects of any National park operator inviting mass tourists to their destinations. This study explores the website dimensions of National parks and tour operator websites and examines their effects on Tourists Satisfaction. For this study, the data has been collected from tourists who visited the National park through National park websites or tour operator websites. Convenience sampling has been used to select the places, and a total of 445 responses (369 are from tourists who visited through the National Park website and 76 are from tourists who visited through the tour operator website) have been collected using the snowball sampling method. The study considers demographic parameters such as age, gender, academic qualification, and income to analyse the demographic profile of the National park visitors. The study found that young adults (age groups between 26 and 40) are more inclined towards visiting National parks compared to other age groups. The study findings revealed that males are very keen to visit National parks compared to their female counterparts. Likewise, the study shows that National park visitors are well educated and have knowledge of the Internet and online booking. The National Park visitors fall under the upper middle-class income groups. Multiple regression analysis has been employed to examine the effects of the Website Usefulness (WU), Tangibility (TA), Website Friendliness (WF), and Reliability (REL). Design Quality (DQ) Information Quality (IQ) on Tourists Satisfaction(TS). The scale developed for the study has been adopted from previous literature and modified as per the needs of the study. The scales developed have been tested for reliability and validity, which are prerequisites for any scientific study. The reliability has been studied by employing Cronbach's alpha, which is a widely accepted measure for the reliability coefficient. This study reveals that the reliability values are quite acceptable in the sense that they are higher than the threshold level. To test the content and construct validity, a factor analysis is employed to examine the factor structure. The KMO values suggest that the fit of the model is adequate, as revealed by the Chi-Square value, which is significant beyond p<0.000. The constuct validity is established by the fact that the dimensions emerged quite distinct and there is no overlap among the various dimensions. The study's findings from data collected from tourists visiting the National Park website revealed that the Website Usefulness (WU). Tangibility (TA), Website Friendliness (WF). Reliability (REL), Design Quality (DQ) affect Tourists' Satisfaction (TS). The study has observed that the Website Usefulness (WU) of the National park website has a more substantial influence on Tourists' Satisfaction (due to the highest beta coefficient β = 0.377) followed by the other dimensions such as Tangibility (TA), Website Friendliness (WF), Reliability (REL), and Design Quality (DQ), based on their respective beta coefficients [(β=0.212, β=0.094, β=0.086, β=0.082)] on Tourist's Satisfaction (TS). However, Information Quality (IQ) does not influence the tourists satisfaction. Whereas findings of data collected from tourists visiting tour operators websites revealed that the Website Friendliness (WF), Website Usefulness (WU), Reliability (REL) affects Tourists Satisfaction (TS). The study has observed that the Website Friendliness (WF) has the greatest beta value (β = 0.334). compared to the other website aspects. Thus, the study revealed that the Website Friendliness (WF) aspect of National park websites has a more significant impact on Tourists Satisfaction (TS). The effects of National park website aspects including Website Usefulness (WU) and Reliability (REL) on Tourists Satisfaction are also found to be significant, with respective beta coefficients of 0.329, and 0.204. However, Tangibility (TA), Design Quality (DQ), and Information Quality (IQ) does not influence the Tourists Satisfaction. The findings of this study will help National park operators and tour operators understand the various dimensions of a National park website and tour operator's website. Moreover, the study's results will allow them to strategically focus on the relative importance of National park website and tour operator's website dimensions to satisfy tourists. The website media content providers will be able to know the various factors influencing tourists satisfaction, and they will develop their content so that it influences tourists satisfaction. Also, the findings of the study will enable operators of National parks and Tour operators to strategically concentrate on the relative significance of website dimensions to please tourists. This study provides a model for accessing tourists satisfaction based on the website dimensions of National parks and tour operators. However, this study has some limitations. The study considers only the West Bengal State National Park website and only seven website dimensions for the National Park and tour operator. Therefore, the study can be extended by an upcoming researcher by incorporating other National Park websites across the nation. In addition, other website dimensions of National Parks and tour operators can be accommodated to extend this research. The study findings will help National park managers understand the impact of various website dimensions on tourist satisfaction. In addition, this study provides useful information to tour operators to make their tourists satisfied. Key Words: Tourists Satisfaction (TS), Website Usefulness (WU), Tangibility (TA), Website Friendliness (WF), Reliability (REL), Design Quality (DQ), and Information Quality (IQ)Item Open Access Effects of economic refroms on X- efficiency of India`s public sector banks : an econometric frontier approach(University of North Bengal, 2017) Pradhan, Nandita,; Ray, Indrajit,Item Open Access Emerging dimensions of cash management in industry with special reference to the industrial units located in North Bengal(University of North Bengal, 2023) Prasad, Pawan; Roy, DipenCash management is of paramount importance for the systematic running of all operational activities and the survival of a business firm. The study was undertaken to examine how the industrial units in North Bengal are undertaking this important task to ensure the survival and growth of their businesses. Given the weak industrial infrastructure and culture, the industrial units have the compulsion to apply prudent methods of cash management. This paper examined the convergence and divergence of receipts and payments. Pointing to the great divergence, the study recommends synchronization of receipts with payments without creating pressure on the finances of the company. The study used panel data analysis to explore the motives behind cash holdings. The findings from data analysis show that precautionary motives play the dominant role behind excessive cash holdings. Besides, the precautionary motive, the transaction motive is also playing a significant role in determining the cash holdings of the firms. The study also reflected that the percentage of cash holdings of the sample firms is, more or less, similar to Indian manufacturing firms. The introduction of electronic payment systems, the adoption of information technology, and innovations in the banking system are emerging dimensions that greatly influence cash management. Handling of physical currency and maintaining cash in hand are gradually reducing. The data revealed that doing transactions using physical currency has now reduced to ten per cent of total transactions. It means that soon cash management will be routed via bank accounts, which is likely to make a cashier and Cash Book almost obsolete. The study added recommendations for better synchronization of receipts and payments with the use of cash Budgets so that a payment failure as well as excessive cash holdings can be avoided. It will help to reduce the risk, hence the need for holding cash for precautionary needs.Item Open Access An Empirical investigation into the measurement of motivation and satisfaction and their interrelationship(University of North Bengal, 2003) Mukhopadhyay, Asim Kumar; Sengupta Palas RItem Open Access An Empirical study on Indo-Srilanka trade during the second trade liberalisation region in Srilanka (1977-1987)(University of North Bengal, 1994) Biswas, Sirazuddin; Dasgupta, MItem Open Access Employee reporting in India:an Empirical study(University of North Bengal, 1997) Abdul Hannan Shaikh,; Sengupta Palas RItem Open Access An Enquiry into the reporting practices of commercial banks(University of North Bengal, 1984) Sarker, Ganesh Chandra; Sharma, R C