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    ItemOpen Access
    1, 3 -Dipolar cycloaddition of * -Amino nitrone
    (University of North Bengal, 1993) Bose, Rajib Kumar; Ghosh, A R
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    19th Century Darjeeling : study in urbanization, 1835-1890
    (University of North Bengal, 1997) Ojha, Kashinath; Roy Chaudhury, Tapas K.
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    A study of the legal framework for accountability of individuals for crimer against humanity and the role of the international law enforcement agencies.
    (University of North Bengal, 2014) Ghosh, Satarupa; Chakraborty, Gangotri
    The principle that individuals are and can be held criminally accountable for violations of the laws of war dates back to many years. However, it was only after World War II and the Nuremberg and Tokyo trials, set up to judge those German and Japanese military leaders accused of serious crimes during the war, that the idea of individual criminal responsibility for serious breaches of international law gained ground. In this thesis an attempt has made to trace the evolution of individual’s responsibility for crime against humanity, the present legal framework in national and international level and the role of various law enforcement agencies to deal with the problem. Evolution of the Problem: History is witness to the fact that wherever an individual or groups of individuals have become powerful, they have flagrantly tortured the weak and the defenseless. Even where power is legitimated and turned into a legally valid authority, abuse of power and torture of the weak and the defenseless has continued. In this back drop considerable legal mechanism has developed for the exercise of such raw power. An international crime has been broadly defined as “an act universally recognized as criminal, that is, an act that is considered a grave matter of international concern and for some valid reason cannot be left within the exclusive jurisdiction of the state that would have control over it under ordinary circumstances”. Crimes against humanity now are established as jus cogens norms and are implicitly recognized as such in the preamble of the Hague Convention, which served to codify the customary law of armed conflict. Unfortunately, despite several attempts for fixing liability to the individuals who have committed crime against humanity and subjecting them to trials like Nuremberg trials and Tokyo trials the legal framework for fixing liability to individuals guilty of the act of committing crime against humanity to this day remains obscure and vague and ad hoc mechanisms are used to settle such cases. In the face of recent developments in countries like Libya, Egypt, Iraq the lack of legal framework to deal with such matters has become a cause for international concern. The main thrust of this work is to study the existing legal framework for determination of individual’s accountability for the crime against humanity and to propose changes into the existing framework. Hypothesis There is insufficient legal framework for the control and regulation and for fixing liability on the individual for committing crime against humanity and the present mechanism works through international ad hoc tribunals internationalized or mixed tribunals, the International Criminal Court as well as national courts, military tribunals and ordinary courts which allows any state to try alleged perpetrators, even in the absence of any link between the accused and the state exercising jurisdiction which leads to miscarriage of justice on one hand and multiple trials on the same cause of action on the other hand. Research Questions 1. What is the genesis for global movement for accountability? 2. What are the shortcomings of the present legal framework for accountability of international crime? 3. What is the role of the International Law Enforcement Agencies to provide proper justice to the victims? 4. What are the shortcomings of the institutional mechanisms to prevent the growth and spread of the international crime? 5. What is the concept of global movement towards accountability and what is the scope of its growth? Methodology Having selected the above topic for this research, the work will perforce be based on theoretical doctrinal research. The methodology followed is traditional non-empirical research. Chapter Summary Chapter I: “ACCOUNTIBILITY OF INDIVIDUALS FOR CRIME AGAINST HUMANITY: THEORETICAL AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK”. The jurisprudential rooting of the present research work is discussed under this chapter. This chapter also explains the concepts used in this research and international legal theories. Chapter-II: HISTORICAL EVOLUTION OF THE CONCERN FOR CRIME AGAINST HUMANITY AND FIXING OF ACCOUNTABILITY: This chapter discuss about the preliminary concepts of international crimes, such as aggression, genocide, war Crimes and crime against humanity and the historical evolution of crime against humanity, this is also an attempt to establish individual criminal liability for the crime against. Chapter-III: CRIME AGAINST HUMANITY BY INDIVIDUALS: PRE 1945 SPECTRUM: This chapter deals with the scenario of crime against humanity by individuals before 1945. Chapter-IV: CRIME AGAINST HUMANITY BY INDIVIDUALS: A POST 1945 SPECTRUM: This chapter describes the scenario of the framework of the trials of individuals for crime against humanity after World War II (1939-1945). Chapter V: “A ROADMAP OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCIES FOR DEALING WITH INDIVIDUALS ACCUSED OF CRIME AGAINST HUMANITY”. In this chapter the matter of discussion is about various international law enforcement agencies like International Criminal Court, International Court of Justice, Ad Hoc Tribunals and Hybrid Tribunals. Chapter-VI: “A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE INTERNATIONAL AND INDIAN LEGAL FRAMEWORK RELATING TO CRIME AGAINST HUMANITY BY INDIVIDUALS”. This chapter mainly deals with the Indian legal framework and also the various Indian incidents regarding the crime against humanity in comparison with international framework for accountability of individuals for crime against humanity. Chapter-VII: “A STUDY OF INTERNATIONAL PRINCIPLES REGARDING LIABILITY OF INDIVIDUALS FOR CRIME AGAINST HUMANITY IN SELECTED NATIONAL JURISDICTIONS”. The subject matter of this chapter is about the various national laws to combat crime against humanity and the implementation of those laws by the nation states. Chapter-VIII: “INDIVIDUAL LEADER’S LIABLE FOR CRIME AGAINST HUMANITY: A COLLAGE”. In this chapter I have discussed about various specific instances of individual leader’s liability. It is a narrative chapter. Chapter IX: SUGGESTIONS AND CONCLUDING REMARKS: In conclusion it can be summed up that the hypothesis that legal framework for the control and regulation and for fixing liability on the individual for committing crime against humanity is insufficient, has been proved and in this regard certain suggestion has been put in the thesis.
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    A study of the legal framework for accountability of individuals for crimer against humanity and the role of the international law enforcement agencies.
    (University of North Bengal, 2014) Ghosh, Satarupa; Chakraborty, Gangotri
    The principle that individuals are and can be held criminally accountable for violations of the laws of war dates back to many years. However, it was only after World War II and the Nuremberg and Tokyo trials, set up to judge those German and Japanese military leaders accused of serious crimes during the war, that the idea of individual criminal responsibility for serious breaches of international law gained ground. In this thesis an attempt has made to trace the evolution of individual’s responsibility for crime against humanity, the present legal framework in national and international level and the role of various law enforcement agencies to deal with the problem. Evolution of the Problem: History is witness to the fact that wherever an individual or groups of individuals have become powerful, they have flagrantly tortured the weak and the defenseless. Even where power is legitimated and turned into a legally valid authority, abuse of power and torture of the weak and the defenseless has continued. In this back drop considerable legal mechanism has developed for the exercise of such raw power. An international crime has been broadly defined as “an act universally recognized as criminal, that is, an act that is considered a grave matter of international concern and for some valid reason cannot be left within the exclusive jurisdiction of the state that would have control over it under ordinary circumstances”. Crimes against humanity now are established as jus cogens norms and are implicitly recognized as such in the preamble of the Hague Convention, which served to codify the customary law of armed conflict. Unfortunately, despite several attempts for fixing liability to the individuals who have committed crime against humanity and subjecting them to trials like Nuremberg trials and Tokyo trials the legal framework for fixing liability to individuals guilty of the act of committing crime against humanity to this day remains obscure and vague and ad hoc mechanisms are used to settle such cases. In the face of recent developments in countries like Libya, Egypt, Iraq the lack of legal framework to deal with such matters has become a cause for international concern. The main thrust of this work is to study the existing legal framework for determination of individual’s accountability for the crime against humanity and to propose changes into the existing framework. Hypothesis There is insufficient legal framework for the control and regulation and for fixing liability on the individual for committing crime against humanity and the present mechanism works through international ad hoc tribunals internationalized or mixed tribunals, the International Criminal Court as well as national courts, military tribunals and ordinary courts which allows any state to try alleged perpetrators, even in the absence of any link between the accused and the state exercising jurisdiction which leads to miscarriage of justice on one hand and multiple trials on the same cause of action on the other hand. Research Questions 1. What is the genesis for global movement for accountability? 2. What are the shortcomings of the present legal framework for accountability of international crime? 3. What is the role of the International Law Enforcement Agencies to provide proper justice to the victims? 4. What are the shortcomings of the institutional mechanisms to prevent the growth and spread of the international crime? 5. What is the concept of global movement towards accountability and what is the scope of its growth? Methodology Having selected the above topic for this research, the work will perforce be based on theoretical doctrinal research. The methodology followed is traditional non-empirical research. Chapter Summary Chapter I: “ACCOUNTIBILITY OF INDIVIDUALS FOR CRIME AGAINST HUMANITY: THEORETICAL AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK”. The jurisprudential rooting of the present research work is discussed under this chapter. This chapter also explains the concepts used in this research and international legal theories. Chapter-II: HISTORICAL EVOLUTION OF THE CONCERN FOR CRIME AGAINST HUMANITY AND FIXING OF ACCOUNTABILITY: This chapter discuss about the preliminary concepts of international crimes, such as aggression, genocide, war Crimes and crime against humanity and the historical evolution of crime against humanity, this is also an attempt to establish individual criminal liability for the crime against. Chapter-III: CRIME AGAINST HUMANITY BY INDIVIDUALS: PRE 1945 SPECTRUM: This chapter deals with the scenario of crime against humanity by individuals before 1945. Chapter-IV: CRIME AGAINST HUMANITY BY INDIVIDUALS: A POST 1945 SPECTRUM: This chapter describes the scenario of the framework of the trials of individuals for crime against humanity after World War II (1939-1945). Chapter V: “A ROADMAP OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCIES FOR DEALING WITH INDIVIDUALS ACCUSED OF CRIME AGAINST HUMANITY”. In this chapter the matter of discussion is about various international law enforcement agencies like International Criminal Court, International Court of Justice, Ad Hoc Tribunals and Hybrid Tribunals. Chapter-VI: “A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE INTERNATIONAL AND INDIAN LEGAL FRAMEWORK RELATING TO CRIME AGAINST HUMANITY BY INDIVIDUALS”. This chapter mainly deals with the Indian legal framework and also the various Indian incidents regarding the crime against humanity in comparison with international framework for accountability of individuals for crime against humanity. Chapter-VII: “A STUDY OF INTERNATIONAL PRINCIPLES REGARDING LIABILITY OF INDIVIDUALS FOR CRIME AGAINST HUMANITY IN SELECTED NATIONAL JURISDICTIONS”. The subject matter of this chapter is about the various national laws to combat crime against humanity and the implementation of those laws by the nation states. Chapter-VIII: “INDIVIDUAL LEADER’S LIABLE FOR CRIME AGAINST HUMANITY: A COLLAGE”. In this chapter I have discussed about various specific instances of individual leader’s liability. It is a narrative chapter. Chapter IX: SUGGESTIONS AND CONCLUDING REMARKS: In conclusion it can be summed up that the hypothesis that legal framework for the control and regulation and for fixing liability on the individual for committing crime against humanity is insufficient, has been proved and in this regard certain suggestion has been put in the thesis.
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    A study of the status of women in religious laws of the SAARC Nations
    (University of North Bengal, 2023) Kejriwal, Shruti; Chakraborty, Gangotri
    Equality for women has been a dynamic topic for centuries. Gender inequality is rooted in the societal practices, culture and custom of personal laws of all the SAARC nations. All the major religions of the SAARC countries are influenced by the patriarchal set up. The underlying basis of all personal laws, regardless of religion is, ‘Men and Women are not equal’. There exists discrimination in the personal laws relating to marriage, divorce, maintenance, inheritance, adoption and guardianship in the SAARC nations. All major religions have deep influences upon the people that follow them and, in the countries, where they are dominant or where they are proclaimed as state religion. In the recent past, personal laws have witnessed advances with the constantly changing nature of human relations. In such a scenario, it is an impediment to hold onto the age- old beliefs and traditions of the personal laws, which were adhered to during those times but are a hindrance to today’s growth and betterment. Therefore, there is a duty on the legislature of every SAARC nation to reform the conservative personal laws that are biased against the women. The Judiciary has also through its pragmatic judicial pronouncements and judicial creativity developed and reformed the draconian gender unjust personal laws to meet the dynamisms of the society. Therefore, the need of the hour is to legislate progressive laws to mitigate every inequality that exists in the personal laws of the various religions. This mitigation shall gradually lead to the equality of personal laws for men and women in every religion. Every SAARC nation has a multi-cultural and multi-religious population. In this backdrop, to have a universal secular law for all the SAARC nations is presently a distant dream. However, every SAARC nation may obliterate the gender unjust personal laws by framing progressive laws for the women of each religion. Thus, a parity will inevitably be achieved for the women of every SAARC nation. The title of this thesis is A STUDY OF THE STATUS OF WOMEN IN RELIGIOUS LAWS OF THE SAARC NATIONS. The title of Chapter I is ‘Theoretical and Conceptual Framework of Religious Laws’. The chapter states the interpretation of the religious laws to be synonyms to the personal laws. It examines the nature of personal laws such as private laws, public laws, group rights or individual rights. The chapter also discusses the evolution of personal laws and the views of legal philosophers in context to the personal laws. The title of Chapter 2 is ‘Politics of Personal Laws’. The chapter explains the politics of personal laws in the British era. The chapter further elaborates on the democratic politics behind enacting the laws to regulate the personal laws in India during the 1950s and 1980s. The discussion on the recent politics involved in the Triple Talaq Case and the Sabrimala Case also finds place in the chapter. The two prime jurisprudential theories, centrist and pluralist, relating to the topic has also been examined in the chapter. The chapter also discusses the unpleasant politics behind the righteous policies framed in India. The title of Chapter 3 is ‘Personal Laws and the issues of Gender Inequality’. The chapter examines the personal laws prevailing in India and highlights the issues of gender inequality in them. The laws on marriage, nullity of marriage, maintenance, restitution of conjugal rights, divorce, judicial separation, inheritance, guardianship and adoption applicable to the Hindus, Christians, Parsis and Muslims in India have been critically examined on the basis of gender inequality. The title of Chapter 4 is ‘Judicial Opinion whether Personal Law is a ‘Law’ Under Article 13 of the Constitution of India’. The chapter has recorded the evolution of ‘Personal Laws’ in India starting from the neutrality of British towards the Hindu and Muslim law and then the gradual legislations passed by the Britishers. The chapter discusses the debates held in the Constitution Assembly in relation to the personal laws. The chapter analyses the interpretation of various judicial pronouncements on whether the Personal Laws are ‘Laws’ under Article 13 of the Constitution of India. The title of Chapter 5 is ‘Comparative Study of the Personal Laws of the SAARC nations’. The chapter provides with the interface of law and life lived by the women of the SAARC nations while being governed by the personal laws applicable to them. It examines the status of personal laws in the Constitution of every SAARC nation. The chapter critically examines the laws governing the aspects of marriage, maintenance, divorce, inheritance and guardianship of the SAARC nations on the basis of its application to the women. The title of Chapter 6 is ‘International Instruments relating to Gender Equality’. The universally accepted concept and meaning of ‘gender’, ‘sex’ ‘gender equality’ and ‘stereotypes’ has been discussed in the chapter. The chapter extensively elaborates on the gender inequality issues dealt by the various international instruments of the United Nations. The chapter also incorporates the agendas relating to the rights of the women discussed in the various SAARC summit. The Beijing Declaration and the follow-up action across the world, the UNDP Gender Equality Strategy 2018-2021 and the Sustainable Development Goals also finds the place of discussion in the chapter. The title of Chapter 7 is ‘Scope, Ambit and Applicability of Secular laws in the SAARC Nations’. The chapter elaborates on the concept of secularism imbibed in the Constitution of all the SAARC nations. The chapter also provides with the gap in the metanarratives of secularism and the real time experiences of people belonging to the different religions in the same nation. The chapter also examines the shift in the conceptual meaning of secular laws as explained in different countries and the politics behind it. It studies the government and the societal respect for religious freedom in every SAARC nation. To substantiate, the recent occurrences relating to religious affairs have been incorporated in the chapter. In Chapter 8 the researcher has concluded the entire research work by providing a detailed description of each chapter. The chapter also incorporates suggestions and recommendations to ensure gender just personal laws. Therefore, this research work is carried out with an objective to study the status of the women in the SAARC nations and examine the major religions of the SAARC countries namely: Hinduism, Islam, Christianity, Buddhism and Zoroastrianism. The researcher has drawn out the understandings and inferences of the teachings of these religion to bring out the correct and favourable conditions for the women of the SAARC nations.
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    A study on socio economic conditions of women beedi workers in Tufanganj Subdivision of Koch Bihar District, West Bengal
    (University of North Bengal, 2023) Karmakar, Sangita; Roy, Ranjan
    Introduction Beedi industry is predominantly an unorganised sector in India. A large number of people belonging to poor socio-economic backgrounds have chosen beedi rolling as their occupation to support their families. In our country women make up nearly 90 percent of total employment in beedi industry. Thus the beedi industry has helped them to escape from the vicious cycle of poverty. But the contractual nature of employment, low wage rate and involvement of middlemen has made the industry more vulnerable. Women and children engaged in beedi industry face abuse, financial discrimination and health hazards. Workers involved in beedi rolling activity are at a high risk of tuberculosis, asthma and others. However, at the time of job uncertainty, many people don‟t consider these health hazards when making decisions about their livelihood. Therefore, it is necessary to identify the socio-economic factors which are responsible for the backwardness of such workers engaged in beedi industry. This thesis intends to focus on the livelihood status of women beedi workers in Tufanganj Subdivision of Koch Bihar district. Koch Bihar is a socio-economically backward district in West Bengal and predominantly an agricultural district. This study mainly concentrates on the social, economic and health condition of the women beedi workers in Tufanganj Subdivision as Tufanganj Subdivision is a special economic zone (SEZ) of beedi industry in Koch Bihar district. Objectives The main objectives of the study are: 1. To assess the socio-economic conditions of women beedi workers in Tufanganj Subdivision. 2. To assess the impact of beedi rolling on health condition of women beedi workers in the study area. 3. To evaluate the implementation status of legal provisions and schemes for the welfare of women beedi workers. 4. To find out their problems and suggest remedial measures for the upliftment of socio - economic status of women beedi workers. Hypothesis To fulfill the objectives following hypothesis have been taken: 1. Educational level of female beedi worker plays a key role in determining her number of child birth. 2. Level of income of women beedi worker has significant impact on family decision- making. 3. The health condition of women beedi workers is associated with hours of beedi rolling. Methodology This study is based on both primary and secondary data which are further analysed with the help of appropriate statistical tools and techniques. Tufanganj Subdivision has been selected as the study area and particularly women beedi workers were selected for the study as they are the best representative of the entire beedi worker community. A total number of 560 respondents were selected from various parts of Tufanganj Subdivision. Both rural and urban beedi workers were selected for the study to show the degree of deprivation of basic socio- economic opportunities among them. Findings Study has revealed that the socio-economic status of women beedi workers in both rural and urban areas is very low. Women engage themselves in beedi rolling at an early age. Workers below 20 years age and more than 60 years of age both have been found higher in rural areas than urban areas. It indicates that the rural young women are more vulnerable to engage in beedi rolling activity than urban women. Further, the literacy rate is very less among the women beedi workers in the study area and it has been discovered that in rural areas higher educated women have also opted beedi rolling as their occupation due to absence of alternate job opportunities. The quality of the dwelling places shows their poor economic condition. Only 5.71 percent households monthly income exceeds >15000 as most of the households do not have any fixed income. Even to insure their everyday expenses, the majority of households are in debt. Therefore, it is revealed that the beedi workers' poor financial situation has a negative impact on their standard of living in the study area. The piece rate system compels them to roll beedi for the entire day. Study shows that 43.57 percent workers are engaged in beedi rolling for 8 to 10 hours, in a single day. Workers are also deprived of getting wage rates as per government prescribed rate and only 20.54 percent have reported a wage rate of more than 150/-. The contractual nature of employment has made their monthly income more vulnerable as it is totally controlled by the middleman. Study has also revealed that both rural and urban beedi worker households have moderate income inequality and rural households have a little bit higher income inequality than urban households. The main reason behind this may be the intensity and incidence of poverty among beedi workers in rural areas is higher than in urban areas. Livelihood security index also shows that beedi workers from both the rural (0.3864) and urban areas (0.4686) are less secure in terms of livelihood conditions and rural beedi workers are facing an extremely insecure livelihood status. Particularly, economic security is highly vulnerable situation in rural areas. Study has also revealed that beedi workers suffer from various health issues due to direct inhalation of tobacco and sitting in the same posture for long hours. Study has found that various types of respiratory and musculoskeletal problems are very much common among the respondents and severity of health hazards is higher in case of higher age, heavy workload and long years of beedi rolling. Various welfare programmes for beedi workers have been introduced by the state and central government but the utilization of these schemes is very minimal. Majority of the home based beedi workers are deprived of government welfare schemes because the employers consider them as self-employed as they work from their home. It indicates the existence of a wide gap between the policies for their development and their implementation. The level of awareness among beedi workers about various schemes is poor in the study area. 52.50 percent women workers were moderately aware of only the provisions of health under Beedi Worker Welfare Scheme. Study found that the workers with higher level of literacy and media exposure are comparatively more aware of various government welfare programs allotted for them. Exploitation by middlemen, inadequate supply of raw material, unhealthy working conditions, irregularities of wage payment, problems to access identity cards and heavy workload have been identified as major problems faced by women beedi workers in the study area. So, it can be said that mere development plans and policies are not sufficient for the development of such vulnerable people; rather emphasis should be given on their proper implementation.
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    A study on the defence system of the tea pest hyposidra talaca (Walker, 1860) (Lepidoptera : Geometridae) against chemical pesticides and entomopathogens
    (University of North Bengal, 2023) Ghosh, Saugata; Bahadur, Min
    Introduction: Tea, Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze, is an economic perennial monoculture crop in the sub-Himalayan region of West Bengal. This foliage crop is regularly infested by a large number of insect species. Of these, looper stage of black inch worm, Hyposidra talaca (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Geometridae), causes substantial crop loss in the Darjeeling Terai tea plantations and has emerged as a dominant tea pest in this region. The effective, eco-friendly pest management strategies against Hyposidra talaca demands the insight knowledge of the defense mechanisms of this lepidopteran pest against the chemical pesticides that are indiscriminately used in this region, as well as, against the entomopathogenic groups of organisms including viruses, fungi, bacteria, microsporidia, protists and nematodes, to provide a non-chemical alternative for insect pest management. Background: Insect defense system against chemical pesticides as well as entomopathogens comprises cellular or haemocyte-associated molecules, humoral plasma borne factors and the defense enzyme systems. Cellular immune responses, including phagocytosis, nodulation and encapsulation are mediated by haemocytes against any type of foreign agents that enter hemocoel. The success of the cellular defense depends on the number and types of haemocytes involved in these processes. Melanin synthesis and antimicrobial peptide (AMP) production are two arms of humoral defense system. Melanization is caused by the activity of phenoloxidase (PO) as a response to infection or wounding. Melanin is deposited within nodules, composed of aggregated haemocytes and microorganisms that form in the heavily infected insects. AMPs are pattern-recognition molecules that recognize microbial cell wall components, called pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). The phytophagous pest can tolerate the toxic substances present in the host plant as well as the chemical pesticides through production of defense (detoxification) enzymes. Generally, three enzyme systems, general esterases, cytochrome P450-dependent monooxygenases and glutathione S-transferases are known to be involved in the detoxification of allelochemicals as well as insecticides. Materials and methods: Considering the above facts, in this study the cellular immune system of Hyposidra talaca has been investigated by characterizing the haemocytes and determining the total and differential count of haemocytes in different ages of last two instars of naïve larvae, in different food regimes (natural and artificial diets) as well as under the challenge of two selected chemical pesticides, emamectin benzoate, cypermethrin and the entomopathogens, a nucleopolyhedrovirus and Bacillus thuringiensis infecting H. talaca. The activities of three defense enzymes, viz. general esterases, cytochrome P450 and glutathione s-transferase, have been determined under the challenge of two chemical pesticides, viz. emamectin benzoate and cypermethrin. The humoral defense system has been studied by gel electrophoresis of the cell free haemolymph taken from Bacillus thuringiensis-infected larvae of Hyposidra talaca. Results: Haemocyte count in respect to developmental ages and food regimes: In the life history of H. talaca five larval instars were recorded. From the haemolymph of 5th instar larvae, five types of haemocytes viz. prohaemocyte (PR), plasmatocyte (PL), granulocyte (GR), spherulocyte (SP) and oenocytoid (OE) have been identified by light microscopic study. Irrespective of diet, total haemocyte count (THC) showed gradual increase along the development of last two instars with transient decrease just after ecdysis and finally declined steeply during the wandering and the pre-pupal stage in the last larval instar. However, the artificial diet (AD)-reared larvae showed higher haemocyte count in comparison to the larvae of the same age group, reared on natural diet. The proportion of the major haemocyte types, PLs, GRs and SPs showed fluctuation along the larval development with higher proportion of PLs and GRs (only immunoreactive haemocytes) in the haemolymph of the AD-reared larvae. Haemocyte count in respect to the exposure of chemical pesticides and entomopathogens: A general reduction in THC was observed in the larvae exposed to sub-lethal concentrations of pesticides and entomopathogens used in this study; only a transient initial increase was recorded after 24 hrs exposure to NPV. The differential count of haemocytes (DHC) showed an increase in the proportions of the PLs with a corresponding decrease of GRs in response to the treatment of the chemical pesticides and NPV, however, an opposite trend was recorded for GRs in Bt-infected larvae at 24 and 48 hrs post-infection. Effects of the chemical pesticides on the activities of detoxifying enzymes: The activities of general esterases (GEs), cytochrome P450 (CYPs) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) in the larvae of H. Talaca were recorded to be changed in response to the treatment with the sub-lethal concentrations of emamectin benzoate and cypermethrin. GE activity decreased in comparison to control when exposed to pesticides, whereas the CYP activity increased after 24 hrs of exposure of pesticides but decreased only after long time exposure (72 hrs) which is just opposite to the effect of pesticides observed in GST. Electrophoretic analysis of haemolymph proteins/peptides in relation to the microbial exposure: The SDS-PAGE analysis of cell free haemolymph of H. talaca larvae infected with sub-lethal concentration of Bt-based biopesticides revealed different proteins of varying molecular weights. The relative abundance of these proteins was found to vary in the infected larvae compared to the control. Hypoproteinemia of 65-77 kDa proteins (presumed to be storage proteins), after 24 hrs of post-infection and hyperproteinemia of 30 kDa protein (presumed to be 30K protein) and 18 kDa protein (presumed to be apolipophorin III) after 48 and 72 hrs of post-infection along with a general over expression of some low molecular weight proteins/peptides (11-13 kDa) have been detected in the infected larvae. Conclusion: The results of this study showed the induction of cellular, humoral and metabolic defense of Hyposidra talaca larvae in response to chemical pesticides, emamectin benzoate and cypermethrin as well as entomopathogens, nucleopolyhedrovirus and Bacillus thuringiensis.
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    A.K.Fazlul Huq and bengal politics between the two partitions (1905-1947): currents and cross-currents
    (University of North Bengal, 2017) Bhattacharjee, Dhananjoy; Roy Sanyal, Ratna
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    Aadhunik bangla kabyo o Eliot আধুনিক বাংলা কাব্য ও এলিয়ট
    (University of North Bengal, 1998) Mukhopadhyay, Satyapriya; Sikdar, Ashru Kumar
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    Abhava as a category: some philosophical problems
    (University of North Bengal, 2017) Barman, Sanghamitra; Roy, Nirmal Kumar
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    Abiotic and biotic stress response of tea plants and their biochemical characterization
    (University of North Bengal, 2000) Dutta, Sampa; Chakraborty, Usha and Chakraborty B N
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    Activated natural killer cell mediated cyto toxicity of fibrosarcoma cells in mouse
    (University of North Bengal, 1998) Rai, Anuradha; Chakraborty, A K
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    Addressing poverty through appropriate local level technologies : a case study of Jalpaiguri district
    (University of North Bengal, 2009) Subbiah, A; Bairagi, Goutam; Sarkar, Subir
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